Ingredients Glossary

CALENDULA

Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract

Calendula is a renowned restorative botanical rich in triterpenoids, carotenoids and other protective phytochemicals. Its triterpenoid fraction is particularly significant: research identifies faradiol esters among the principal contributors to Calendula’s topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Its combination of soothing, antioxidant and skin-supportive compounds makes Calendula particularly valuable for skin experiencing dryness, sensitivity or visible irritation.

• Helps soothe visible redness and irritation.
• Supports skin recovery and resilience.
• Provides antioxidant protection while maintaining soft, conditioned skin.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its restorative and calming properties, supporting skin comfort and resilience while complementing the concentrate’s broader focus on overnight renewal.

Dalton Rule: Faradiol ≈443 Da | β-Amyrin ≈427 Da. These lipophilic triterpenoids sit below the ≈500 Da threshold and have an affinity for the skin’s lipid environment. Calendula’s faradiol esters are larger and exceed this threshold; research nevertheless identifies them as contributors to its topical anti-inflammatory activity.

CAMELLIA SEED OIL

Camellia Oleifera Seed Oil

Long treasured in East Asian beauty rituals, Camellia Seed Oil is an exceptionally oleic-rich botanical oil containing more than 85% unsaturated fatty acids in reported compositions, together with squalene, tocopherols, phytosterols and other antioxidant compounds.

Its lipid-rich profile conditions and softens the skin while supporting suppleness and the protective lipid environment of the stratum corneum.

• Softens and conditions for smoother, more supple skin.
• Supports the skin’s protective lipid environment.
• Provides antioxidant protection through naturally occurring lipid-soluble compounds.

OÉSARI rationale: Chosen for its elegant skin affinity, nourishing lipid profile and longstanding place within East Asian beauty traditions. Camellia brings softness, suppleness and antioxidant support to the concentrate.

Dalton Rule: Oleic Acid ≈282 Da | Linoleic Acid ≈280 Da | Squalene ≈411 Da | α-Tocopherol ≈431 Da. These skin-compatible constituents fall below the ≈500 Da threshold and have strong affinity for the lipid-rich stratum corneum, supporting conditioning, suppleness and antioxidant protection.

CENTELLA ASIATICA (GOTU KOLA)

Centella Asiatica Extract

Centella Asiatica is one of skincare’s best-established regenerative botanicals. Its characteristic triterpenes have been extensively investigated in relation to tissue repair, collagen synthesis and skin resilience.

Research in human fibroblasts found that asiatic acid stimulated collagen synthesis, providing a mechanistic basis for Centella’s long-standing association with repair and structural support.

• Supports collagen synthesis and structural resilience.
• Helps calm inflammatory stress and support recovery.
• Supports firmer, smoother and stronger-looking skin.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its regenerative and collagen-supportive properties, strengthening OÉSARI’s focus on overnight renewal, resilience and visible skin ageing.

Dalton Rule: Asiatic Acid ≈489 Da. This characteristic Centella triterpene sits just below the ≈500 Da threshold and has greater lipid affinity than Centella’s larger triterpene glycosides, supporting its relevance to topical skin interaction.

CHAMOMILE

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract

Chamomile is one of skincare’s most established calming plants, valued for compounds including α-bisabolol and related sesquiterpenes. These constituents contribute to Chamomile’s recognised soothing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profile.

Particularly suited to sensitive and reactive-looking skin, Chamomile helps reduce inflammatory stress while supporting comfort and recovery.

• Helps calm visible redness and irritation.
• Supports sensitive and reactive-looking skin.
• Provides soothing antioxidant protection.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its established calming and skin-supportive qualities, helping maintain comfort while complementing OÉSARI’s restorative and barrier-supportive ingredients.

Dalton Rule: α-Bisabolol ≈222 Da | Chamazulene ≈184 Da | Bisabolol Oxide A ≈238 Da. These small, lipophilic constituents sit well below the ≈500 Da threshold and have strong affinity for the skin’s lipid environment, supporting Chamomile’s calming and protective role.

COENZYME Q10

Ubiquinone

Coenzyme Q10 is a lipid-soluble antioxidant naturally present in human skin and integral to cellular energy production. Cutaneous CoQ10 is also part of the skin’s antioxidant defence network, helping protect cellular and lipid structures against oxidative stress.

Topical research has demonstrated that appropriately formulated CoQ10 can increase CoQ10 within skin and enhance antioxidant capacity, supporting its relevance to visible skin ageing and resilience.

• Reinforces antioxidant defence.
• Supports cellular energy processes essential to healthy skin function.
• Helps protect against oxidative processes associated with visible ageing.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected as a concentrated lipid-soluble antioxidant to reinforce OÉSARI’s focus on overnight protection, resilience and visible signs of ageing.

Dalton Rule: Ubiquinone ≈863 Da. CoQ10 demonstrates that molecular weight is not the sole determinant of topical performance: published topical research has demonstrated delivery into epidermal skin and increased antioxidant capacity. The finished formulation and lipid solubility are therefore important determinants of its topical behaviour.

FRANKINCENSE

Boswellia Carterii Oil

Frankincense provides a complex aromatic profile rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with antioxidant and skin-soothing potential. Boswellia as a genus also has substantial dermatological interest for its anti-inflammatory chemistry, with topical Boswellia research demonstrating improvements in parameters including fine lines, roughness and elasticity, although those clinical studies concern boswellic-acid preparations rather than Frankincense essential oil itself.

• Complements the formula’s calming and antioxidant activity.
• Supports comfortable, resilient-looking skin.
• Contributes a refined resinous dimension to the evening sensory ritual.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its skin-supportive aromatic profile and its ability to add depth and refinement to the evening concentrate.

Dalton Rule: α-Pinene ≈136 Da | Limonene ≈136 Da | β-Caryophyllene ≈204 Da. These small lipophilic terpenes sit well below the ≈500 Da threshold and readily interact with lipid environments.

HIBISCUS

Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract

Hibiscus is a phytochemically rich plant investigated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and skin-ageing activity. Experimental skin research has found Hibiscus-derived compounds capable of supporting extracellular-matrix synthesis and protecting skin cells against oxidative stress.

Its broad antioxidant profile makes Hibiscus particularly complementary to a formulation focused on smoother texture, resilience and visible renewal.

• Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
• Supports smoother, more refined-looking skin.
• Supports the skin’s structural resilience and healthy appearance.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected to support OÉSARI’s focus on antioxidant protection, texture refinement and overnight renewal while complementing the formula’s restorative whole-plant complex.

Dalton Rule: Protocatechuic Acid ≈154 Da | Hibiscus Acid (lactone form) ≈190 Da. These flower-associated constituents fall below the ≈500 Da guideline relevant to penetration through the stratum corneum. Hibiscus also contains larger anthocyanins that exceed this threshold. Protocatechuic acid has demonstrated antioxidant and protective activity in experimental skin-cell research, supporting its relevance to skin protection.

LAVENDER

Lavandula Angustifolia Oil

True Lavender is rich in linalool and linalyl acetate, aromatic constituents investigated for their anti-inflammatory activity in skin. Experimental topical research with Lavandula angustifolia and these major constituents has demonstrated modulation of inflammatory pathways.

• Complements the formula’s calming skin profile.
• Provides antioxidant and soothing botanical activity.
• Creates a soft aromatic transition into the evening ritual.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for both its topical properties and its integral role within OÉSARI’s evening aromatic accord, connecting skin comfort with the sensory character of the nightly ritual.

Dalton Rule: Linalool ≈154 Da | Linalyl Acetate ≈196 Da | β-Caryophyllene ≈204 Da. These small lipophilic molecules sit well below the ≈500 Da threshold and readily interact with lipid environments.

LICORICE ROOT

Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract

Licorice Root is a sophisticated tone-supporting botanical containing glabridin and related flavonoids associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and pigmentation-modulating activity.

Research has demonstrated that glabridin inhibits tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis and has anti-inflammatory activity. Experimental topical research also demonstrated reductions in UVB-induced pigmentation and erythema.

• Helps improve the appearance of uneven tone and pigmentation.
• Helps calm visible redness and inflammatory stress.
• Provides antioxidant protection for a clearer, more balanced complexion.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its ability to address uneven-looking tone while simultaneously supporting calm and resilient skin, strengthening the concentrate’s multi-functional approach to pigmentation and inflammation.

Dalton Rule: Glabridin ≈324 Da | Licochalcone A ≈338 Da | Glabrene ≈322 Da. These relatively small lipophilic compounds fall well below the ≈500 Da threshold, supporting effective interaction with the skin’s lipid environment.

PASSIONFLOWER

Passiflora Incarnata Extract

Passionflower contains flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds associated with antioxidant and soothing activity. Its phytochemical profile includes vitexin and related flavonoids, while chrysin has also been identified among compounds associated with Passiflora species.

Passionflower has additionally been traditionally associated with relaxation and restful sleep, giving the plant particular resonance within an evening skincare ritual without positioning it as a topical sleep treatment.

• Soothes sensitive and reactive-looking skin.
• Provides antioxidant and protective effects.
• Helps restore comfort and balance.

OÉSARI rationale: Included for its calming, supportive qualities and its natural affinity with OÉSARI’s evening ritual, complementing the concentrate’s broader antioxidant and restorative profile.

Dalton Rule: Chrysin ≈254 Da | Apigenin ≈270 Da. These flavonoid aglycones sit comfortably below the ≈500 Da threshold, supporting interaction with the skin environment and complementing Passionflower’s antioxidant and calming profile.

PATCHOULI

Pogostemon Cablin Leaf Oil

Patchouli is rich in sesquiterpenes, particularly patchouli alcohol, and has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and skin-repair activity in experimental research. Recent research found Patchouli extract promoted keratinocyte proliferation and wound-healing responses while exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity.

• Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
• Supports calmer, more resilient-looking skin.
• Complements the formula’s focus on recovery and visible smoothness.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected at a restrained level for its protective skin properties and its ability to bring sophisticated depth to OÉSARI’s evening aromatic accord.

Dalton Rule: Patchouli Alcohol ≈222 Da | α-Patchoulene ≈204 Da | β-Caryophyllene ≈204 Da. These lipophilic sesquiterpenes fall well below the ≈500 Da threshold, supporting effective interaction with the lipid-rich stratum corneum.

PERILLA LEAF

Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract

Perilla Leaf contains a diverse spectrum of antioxidant and bioactive plant compounds associated with calming inflammation, protecting against oxidative stress and supporting the skin’s structural integrity.

Research has demonstrated activity on pathways involved in collagen breakdown and renewal, including reduced reactive oxygen species and MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression together with increased type-I procollagen production in human dermal fibroblasts.

• Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
• Helps calm inflammatory stress and support skin resilience.
• Supports collagen integrity and the appearance of firmer, smoother skin.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and collagen-supportive properties, complementing the formula’s focus on overnight renewal, resilience and visible skin ageing.

Dalton Rule: Perillaldehyde ≈150 Da | Limonene ≈136 Da | β-Caryophyllene ≈204 Da. These small, lipophilic constituents sit well below the ≈500 Da threshold and have strong affinity for the skin’s lipid environment, supporting effective interaction with the stratum corneum.

RASPBERRY CO₂ OIL

Rubus Idaeus Seed Oil

Raspberry Seed Oil is exceptionally rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic and α-linolenic acids, alongside tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols and carotenoids. Published compositional research reports approximately 54% linoleic acid and 29–32% α-linolenic acid in studied oils, together with substantial natural vitamin E compounds.

• Supplies omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids.
• Provides potent antioxidant support through naturally occurring vitamin E compounds.
• Supports softness, suppleness and skin resilience.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its exceptional essential-fatty-acid and antioxidant profile, enriching the concentrate’s lipid architecture while supporting softness, resilience and protection.

Dalton Rule: α-Linolenic Acid ≈278 Da | Linoleic Acid ≈280 Da | Oleic Acid ≈282 Da | α-Tocopherol ≈431 Da. These skin-compatible constituents fall below the ≈500 Da threshold and have strong affinity for the stratum corneum.

RICE BRAN OIL

Oryza Sativa Bran Oil

Traditionally revered in Japanese skincare, our unrefined Rice Bran oil is abundant in γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, squalene and skin-compatible fatty acids. These compounds combine potent antioxidant defence with barrier support, helping maintain elasticity and protecting skin lipids against oxidative stress. Its oryzanol complex also contributes antioxidant protection against UV-induced oxidative stress, although should not be regarded as a substitute for sunscreen.

Its balanced lipid profile gives it an elegant skin feel suitable for a concentrated facial oil.

• Defends against oxidative stress with γ-oryzanol and vitamin E compounds.
• Supports elasticity and suppleness with squalene, fatty acids and tocopherols.
• Provides gentle nourishment while respecting skin sensitivity.

OÉSARI rationale: Chosen both for its cultural lineage in Japanese beauty rituals and its scientifically supported ability to protect and nourish. In OÉSARI, it represents the union of tradition and modern skin science.

Dalton Rule: Linoleic Acid ≈280 Da | Oleic Acid ≈282 Da | Squalene ≈411 Da | α-Tocopherol ≈431 Da, below the ≈500 Da threshold. These skin-compatible lipids have strong affinity for the stratum corneum, supporting nourishment, suppleness, barrier function and antioxidant protection.

ROSEMARY LEAF

Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract

Rosemary is exceptionally rich in antioxidant diterpenes, particularly carnosic acid and carnosol. These compounds are powerful inhibitors of lipid oxidation, while contemporary dermatological research has identified carnosic acid as an active contributor to Rosemary’s skin-repair activity.

A dedicated review of Rosemary’s topical applications also identifies antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity associated particularly with carnosic acid, carnosol and ursolic acid.

• Provides powerful antioxidant protection.
• Helps protect skin lipids against oxidative stress.
• Supports skin repair, resilience and healthy renewal.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected as a potent protective botanical, strengthening the concentrate’s antioxidant architecture while supporting skin resilience and renewal.

Dalton Rule: Carnosic Acid ≈332 Da | Carnosol ≈330 Da | Ursolic Acid ≈457 Da. These characteristic Rosemary compounds fall below the ≈500 Da threshold and combine favourable molecular size with lipid affinity, supporting their interaction with the skin’s outer lipid environment.

ROSEHIP

Rosa Canina Fruit Extract

Rosehip is a phytochemically dense fruit valued in dermatology for its antioxidant and regenerative potential. Rosa canina contains carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols and other bioactive compounds associated with protection, skin recovery and visible vitality.

Contemporary dermatological reviews describe Rosehip preparations in relation to wound healing, collagen synthesis, hyperpigmentation and visible skin ageing.

• Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
• Supports smoother, more even and resilient-looking skin.
• Helps maintain healthy-looking skin texture and visible vitality.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected as an important restorative component of the whole-plant complex, supporting OÉSARI’s focus on antioxidant protection, visible renewal and a smoother, more even complexion.

Dalton Rule: β-Sitosterol ≈415 Da | α-Tocopherol ≈431 Da | Lutein ≈569 Da. The smaller lipid-soluble constituents such as β-sitosterol and α-tocopherol sit below the ≈500 Da threshold and have strong affinity for the skin’s lipid environment, supporting conditioning and antioxidant protection.

SACRED LOTUS

Nelumbo Nucifera Flower Extract

Sacred Lotus has a long history within Asian botanical traditions and contains a diverse range of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoid compounds and other phytochemicals associated with antioxidant and protective activity.

For skin, its value centres on helping counter oxidative stress while supporting calm, conditioned and resilient-looking skin.

• Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
• Supports calm, conditioned skin.
• Helps maintain resilience and a healthy, balanced appearance.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its antioxidant and skin-supportive qualities as well as its cultural resonance within the botanical philosophy surrounding OÉSARI. Its inclusion is functional first, with its heritage providing an additional connection to the brand’s Japanese-influenced identity.

Dalton Rule: Kaempferol ≈286 Da | Quercetin ≈302 Da | Isorhamnetin ≈316 Da. These flavonoid aglycones fall comfortably below the ≈500 Da threshold, supporting interaction with the skin environment and complementing Sacred Lotus’s antioxidant profile.

SEA BUCKTHORN CO₂ OIL

Hippophae Rhamnoides Seed Oil

Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil is a concentrated source of essential fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (omega-6) and α-linolenic acid (omega-3), accompanied by tocopherols, phytosterols, squalene and other antioxidant compounds.

Research specifically examining Sea Buckthorn seed oil confirms its distinctive lipid and antioxidant composition.

Experimental research in human skin cells has also demonstrated effects on oxidative balance and lipid metabolism under oxidative stress.

• Supplies essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
• Supports the skin’s protective lipid environment and resilience.
• Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its concentrated essential-fatty-acid and antioxidant profile, strengthening the formula’s barrier-supportive lipid system and supporting resilient, supple skin.

ST JOHN'S WORT

Hypericum Perforatum Extract

St John’s Wort has a long dermatological history, with topical preparations traditionally used for minor wounds, irritated skin and recovery. Modern pharmacological research supports antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and skin-supportive activity, while hyperforin has demonstrated effects on keratinocyte growth and differentiation, processes directly relevant to epidermal renewal.

• Helps calm inflammatory stress and support comfort.
• Provides antioxidant and protective activity.
• Supports healthy epidermal renewal and resilience.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its distinctive combination of calming, protective and renewal-supporting properties, complementing OÉSARI’s focus on overnight recovery and resilient skin.

Dalton Rule: Quercetin ≈302 Da. This well-characterised flavonoid sits comfortably below the ≈500 Da threshold and contributes antioxidant activity relevant to Hypericum’s broader protective phytochemical profile.

SUNFLOWER OIL

Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil

Far from ordinary, our unrefined Sunflower oil is one of the more clinically studied plant oils for barrier repair and support in dermatology.

Rich in linoleic acid (omega-6), tocopherols, and phytosterols, it restores essential fatty acids critical to the skin’s stratum corneum. Its high linoleic-acid profile supports epidermal lipid organisation, barrier integrity and hydration.

Clinical and mechanistic research supports sunflower seed oil’s role in preserving barrier integrity and improving hydration, with broader evidence for reducing TEWL in appropriate contexts.

• Restores barrier lipids, supporting repair and resilience.
• Supports smoother, more supple texture through its essential fatty-acid profile.
• Provides powerful antioxidant activity from natural vitamin E.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its exceptional compatibility with human skin and clinically supported barrier benefits. In OÉSARI formulations, it acts as a nourishing lipid foundation supporting barrier integrity, hydration and resilience.

Dalton Rule: Linoleic Acid ≈280 Da | Oleic Acid ≈282 Da | α-Tocopherol ≈431 Da, below the ≈500 Da threshold. These skin-compatible lipids readily interact with the stratum corneum, where they help replenish essential fatty acids, reinforce barrier lipids and provide antioxidant protection, supporting Sunflower oil’s established role in barrier repair, resilience and hydration.

SWEET ORANGE

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Peel Oil

Sweet Orange essential oil is dominated by limonene and contains additional volatile terpenes with antioxidant activity.

Contemporary research has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity for Citrus sinensis essential oil and limonene, together with inhibitory activity against skin enzymes including elastase and tyrosinase in experimental models.

• Provides antioxidant support against oxidative stress.
• Complements the formula’s skin-protective botanical profile.
• Adds a bright, refined citrus lift to the evening aromatic accord.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected in a measured concentration for its antioxidant botanical profile and its ability to lift and balance the deeper floral, resinous and earthy notes of OÉSARI’s evening accord.

Dalton Rule: Limonene ≈136 Da | Linalool ≈154 Da | α-Pinene ≈136 Da. These small lipophilic aromatic compounds sit well below the ≈500 Da threshold and readily interact with lipid environments.

TSUBAKI SEED OIL

JAPANESE CAMELLIA SEED OIL

Treasured for generations in Japanese beauty rituals, Tsubaki Oil is pressed from the seeds of Camellia japonica. Naturally rich in oleic acid and other skin-compatible lipids, it has traditionally been used to nourish, soften and protect both skin and hair.

Modern research has further investigated Tsubaki Oil for its effects on skin barrier function and collagen-related pathways.

Research has demonstrated reduced transepidermal water loss in human skin, while laboratory studies found increased type-I procollagen production and reduced MMP-1 activity, supporting its traditional reputation as a protective and restorative beauty oil.

• Nourishes and conditions for softer, more supple skin.
• Supports the skin barrier and helps reduce moisture loss.
• Supports collagen integrity and resilience for smoother, firmer-looking skin.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its exceptional skin affinity, nourishing lipid profile and longstanding place within Japanese beauty traditions. Tsubaki unites Japanese heritage with modern skin science, supporting softness, barrier resilience and the appearance of healthy, supple skin.

TURMERIC ROOT

Curcuma Longa Root Extract

Turmeric is one of the most extensively researched antioxidant and anti-inflammatory plants, with curcumin and related curcuminoids central to its dermatological interest. Human clinical literature has investigated topical Turmeric/curcumin across inflammatory and visible skin concerns, with systematic reviews finding promising evidence for skin-health applications.

• Provides powerful antioxidant protection.
• Helps calm inflammatory stress and visible redness.
• Supports clearer, more even and resilient-looking skin.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected for its potent antioxidant and calming phytochemistry, supporting the concentrate’s focus on visible tone, resilience and overnight renewal.

Dalton Rule: Curcumin ≈368 Da | ar-Turmerone ≈216 Da | α-Turmerone ≈218 Da. These characteristic compounds fall below the ≈500 Da threshold, with the turmerones particularly lipophilic and naturally compatible with lipid environments.

VITAMIN E

Tocopherol

Vitamin E is one of the skin’s principal lipid-soluble antioxidants and plays an important role in protecting lipids against oxidative damage. α-Tocopherol helps interrupt lipid-peroxidation reactions, supporting the stability and resilience of lipid-rich structures within the skin.

• Protects skin lipids against oxidative stress.
• Supports barrier resilience and healthy skin function.
• Reinforces the concentrate’s broader antioxidant network.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected as both a direct skin-beneficial antioxidant and an important component of OÉSARI’s lipid-protection system, complementing the naturally occurring tocopherols present throughout its plant oils.

Dalton Rule: α-Tocopherol ≈431 Da, below the ≈500 Da threshold. Its molecular size and lipid solubility support interaction with the skin’s lipid-rich environment, where its antioxidant activity helps protect vulnerable lipids against oxidation.

YLANG YLANG

Cananga Odorata Flower Oil

Ylang Ylang is a complex floral essential oil containing linalool, geranyl acetate, β-caryophyllene and other aromatic constituents. Modern chemical research confirms significant antioxidant activity within Cananga odorata essential oil, alongside compounds of dermatological interest.

• Provides antioxidant botanical activity.
• Complements the formula’s calming and protective profile.
• Gives the evening accord its soft, sophisticated floral depth.

OÉSARI rationale: Selected at a restrained level to provide antioxidant botanical activity while rounding the aromatic composition with a refined floral note that balances Lavender, Frankincense, Patchouli and Sweet Orange.

Dalton Rule: Linalool ≈154 Da | Geranyl Acetate ≈196 Da | β-Caryophyllene ≈204 Da. These small lipophilic aromatic constituents sit well below the ≈500 Da threshold and have strong affinity for lipid environments.